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???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ?? ??, ? That man beat me.? ? I was beaten by that man.? ??? ???,??? ??? ???? ‘That man’, ???? ‘I’??, ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ‘that man’??. ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????, He gave me a book.? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ‘He’? ?? ‘I’? ?? ‘a book’? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.?????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????. ? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ·?? ·?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ‘? ·? ·? ·?’ ?? ??(??)? ??. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?(?)? ?? ??? ???? ???…